Leading the Way to Precision Health

Empower Patients and Clients with Targeted Plans and Effective Outcomes

The world has shifted and today 8 out of 10 people consider wellness the top priority in their lives. With Metabolic Code® you meet this demand by helping them determine how far away they are from being truly healthy and giving them a path to vitality.

 

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The Challenge

Despite their desire, individuals find themselves navigating a complex and confusing journey to a healthier life.

Many solutions are either too general and not tailored to meet their individual needs, or fail to focus on a systems approach to solve systemic issues.

Metabolic Code® leverages a proprietary 40,000-point Bayesian Model algorithm to empower your practice with a platform which gives clients answers to questions they really want to know:

  • Where is my health today?
  • What does it mean?
  • What do I do about it?
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Rich History & Renowned Credibility

The Birth of Metabolic Code®

Founded by a team of leading experts in integrative medicine with over 100 years of collective experience, Metabolic Code® provides unparalleled knowledge for patients and clients. Developed by Jim LaValle, RPh, CCN, DHM, DHPh, renowned clinical pharmacist, author, and health expert with over 40 years of experience in integrative and precision medicine. And internationally recognized pioneer, scientist, clinician and educator in Integrative and Metabolic Medicine, Dr. Andrew Heyman, M.D., MHSA who currently serves the Medical Director of Integrative Medicine at The George Washington University.
  • Leads the next generation of healthcare practitioners through the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (A4M), the largest private education organization in the world in Anti-aging, Functional and Integrative Medicine.
  • LaValle is also the clinical co-chair at A4M, Chair of the International Peptide Society and Chief Science Officer at LIFE TIME (NYSE: LTH).
  • Heyman is considered a world expert in Biotoxin Illness and Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (CIRS) and triple Board certified in Family Medicine, Integrative Medicine and Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine.
  • Metabolic Code® has been reviewed and approved by the Curriculum Committee at the George Washington University, serving as their capstone course for a Masters Degree in Integrative Medicine.
  • Metabolic Code® also includes a team of licensed and practicing dietitians who have been at the forefront of dietary guidance for over 3 decades.
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1985

Jim develops the first “food tagging system” for Kroger and co-authors the “Consumer Guide to Low Cholesterol Shopping.”

1985

Jim begins a world-leading clinic, implementing various disciplines of natural medicine into an integrative care model for thousands of patients.

1988

Jim begins leading integrative medicine forward. Designs over 200 nutritional products and serves as  a leading consultant around the world.

1997

After extensive years of clinical practice and real world application, the architecture for the Metabolic Code® is conceptualized.

2004

Jim publishes the best-selling book Cracking the Metabolic Code® which is a cornerstone text for health professionals worldwide.

2008

The first algorithm model is designed and over the next four years is modeled, refined, and validated using clinical endpoints.

2016

The Metabolic Code® is selected as the foundation for the capstone course in integrative medicine at George Washington University. 

2024

Metabolic Code® is a renowned platform leveraged by U.S Special Operations Command, LIFE TIME, and Evexias™ Health Solutions, a network of 5,000 clinics.

Enhance Your Practice

With Metabolic Code® you can provide your patients with personal wellness programs tailored to meet their needs. 

Our programs are based on a systems biology approach and processed through our proprietary technology which continuously adapts and refines recommendations as new data is added.

Patient expectations have changed. With our cloud-based software you can:

  • Improve clinical outcomes through targeted patient plans
  • Improve engagement by tracking progress
  • Increase revenue through improved adherence
  • Deliver effective results through personalized lifestyle plans
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Key Benefits

Take your practice to the next level with...

Systems-Based
Programs & Protocols

  • Resolve systemic issues related to the whole-person health of each patient.
  • Receive exclusive pricing for patient labs and advanced diagnostics.
  • Access to comprehensive tools and training to implement proven precision lifestyle programs into your practice.
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Metabolic Code®
Knowledge Library

  • Access to the Metabolic Code® Library which includes training and education materials, sales collateral, diet plans, lifestyle programs and so much more.
  • New and refreshed product and nutrient monographs.
  • Deep-dive webinars, TRIAD training and case reviews.
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Exclusive
Products

  • Unique formulations to address the needs of the 5 TRIADS.
  • 3rd party tested, no harsh chemicals are used during extraction, and we use only natural fillers, binders, and no harsh synthetic binders or dyes in any of our products.
  • Receive access to top-tier network of compounded pharmacies.
  • Fully referenced professional monographs for each product.
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How It Works

How to become a Metabolic Code® Practitioner.

1 Fill Out The Form

Please be sure to enter the official email that you would like to use for your account as this will be the email address we use for all correspondence. If we have any questions related to your application, a representative may call you to assist in completing your account setup.
Once your application has been approved, your Metabolic Code® account will be created, providing you access to the Metabolic Code® Library and supplement store. You will also be emailed login details for access to the Metabolic Code® Assessment Tool.
After registration you will be given access to training materials in the Metabolic Code® Library and will also be able to schedule a session with one of our onboarding specialists. To place lab orders through the Metabolic Code® platform, we require that your license allows for lab ordering privileges in the states where you practice.
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Pricing

Metabolic Code®
Membership and SaaS Subscription

$349

per month
One (1) Authorized User / One (1) Location

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Additional Features

Additional Practitioners / Locations

* A subscription is required for each practicing provider per location.

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Metabolic Code® Reports

$10 per report

Metabolic Code® Approved Supplements

* Wholesale pricing offered directly through Metabolic Code Website.

Metabolic Code® TRIADS™

Precision health begins
with the Triads™.

Our personalized evaluation program not only creates a precise plan of action for people to live and feel better, it also tracks progress with real world data. The Metabolic Code® is based on 40 years of clinical research and application. It relies on the process of measuring a person’s unique metabolic signature, called metabotyping. Like taking an internal fingerprint, the assessment process uncovers 5 domains of physiologic functioning we call TRIADS™. The Metabolic Code® TRIAD™ Metaflammation Scores (TMS) represent how metabolically efficient each domain is functioning.

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Triad 1

Energy

Adrenal • Thyroid
• Pancreas

Discover the symbiotic relationship between important hormones that influence energy production within the body.

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Triad 2

Resiliency

Gut • Immune
• Brain

These interrelated, intelligent systems are critical to nutritional, immunologic, and mental health.

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Triad 3

Endurance

Cardio • Pulmonary
• Neuro-Vascular

Encapsulates the multilayered connections between the mind, brain, cardiovascular tree, and respiratory cycle.

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Triad 4

Detoxification

Liver • Lymph
• Kidneys

Promotes elimination of toxic waste through proper detoxification processes.

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Triad 5

Potency

Testosterone • Estrogen • Progesterone

Finds balance across the life cycle through proper functioning of reproductive hormones.

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Start Your FREE Metabolic Code® Journey

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Gain access to wholesale pricing on our exclusive supplements and valuable practitioner resources from Metabolic Code®. Whether you’re just getting started or simply looking to explore our platform, this entry-level account is designed to support your professional growth at no cost.

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Unlock Your Healthiest You™

Get Your Personalized Program

Experience what so many others have done to rapidly improve their health and vitality long-term. Get your personalized Metabolic Code® Report and find out what your metabolic deficiencies are while learning how to correct them. We have lifestyle programs created for people with all types of goals and dietary needs. Ask your healthcare practitioner or fitness coach about getting your own Metabolic Code® Program.

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Exclusive Supplements

Quality products you can trust.

High impact formulations that are safe, fully transparent, and utilize the raw materials that are evidence-based in therapeutic amounts.

Bile Complex

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MAX 12 Probiotic (Order from Metabolic Elite®)

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Triad 1: Energy

This TRIAD encompasses the relationship between 3 important hormones: cortisol, insulin, and thyroid. These hormones reflect the current state of stress, sugar, and metabolism. In their most basic function, each is responsible for energy production and circulation.

When TRIAD 1 is unbalanced, a person feels fatigued and has a greater risk of being overweight or obese. When TRIAD 1 is balanced, a person feels vital and healthy.

Learn More About Each Triad 1 System

Adrenal

SUMMARY
The adrenal cortes secretes more than thirty different steroids and hormones critical for regulating many other systems throughout the body. The adrenals are best known for helping to modulate stress response throughout the body.

IMPORTANCE

Chronic stress can increase the production of adrenal hormones,  especially cortisol, norepinephrine and epinephrine. Chronic stress responses can be triggered by emotional stress, too much exercise,  inadequate sleep, nutritional deficiencies, environmental toxins and  physical illnesses.

Chronic stress can cause your body to enter into  three stages – initial stress hormone production, overactive  adrenals, and adrenal exhaustion. High levels of stress hormones  have a dramatic impact on your future health, leading to the  breakdown of lean muscle tissue, poor blood sugar regulation,  reduced immune balance, increased belly fat accumulation and  slowing down of your metabolic rate all resulting in increased  inflammation response.

Inflammation is thought to be the principle process that accelerates aging and leads to chronic  illnesses like heart disease, diabetes, cancer and  Alzheimer’s disease. You can get all sorts of variations in stress patterns  when under chronic stress. But, as you age and are  under more duress, your body slowly but surely  changes from a metabolism leading to health to a  metabolism leading you to a path of chronic illness.

POSSIBLE SYMPTOMS OF HIGH CORTISOL

IF CORTISOL LEVELS ARE HIGH, the following symptoms may occur:

  • Anxiousness, nervousness
  • Increases cravings for carbohydrates and sugar
  • Increases cholesterol and triglycerides
  • Mid-day fatigue
  • Short-term memory loss
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Mood disorders
  • Alterations in immune system balance, less ability to fight off infections
  • Increases in inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF alpha, IL-6 leading to allergies
  • Estrogen dominance
  • Thyroid hormone levels can be lowered  slowing metabolism
  • Increased insulin release and blood sugar regulation
  • Weight gain
  • Aches and pains
  • Hair loss

POSSIBLE SYMPTOMS OF LOW CORTISOL

IF CORTISOL LEVELS ARE LOW, the following symptoms may occur:

  • Anxiousness, nervousness
  • Increases cravings for carbohydrates and sugar
  • Increases cholesterol and triglycerides
  • Mid-day fatigue
  • Short-term memory loss
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Mood disorders
  • Alterations in immune system balance, less ability to fight off infections
  • Increases in inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF alpha, IL-6 leading to allergies
  • Estrogen dominance
  • Thyroid hormone levels can be lowered  slowing metabolism
  • Increased insulin release and blood sugar regulation
  • Weight gain
  • Aches and pains
  • Hair loss

Thyroid

SUMMARY
The thyroid gland is the largest gland in the neck. The thyroid gland releases thyroid hormones that are the driving force in your metabolic rate.

IMPORTANCE
Everything from the utilization of carbohydrates and fat in your food, to promoting protein synthesis needed for cell growth and the production of key biochemical compounds, like neurotransmitters depend on this gland. Thyroid hormones activate nearly every receptor to hormones and neurotransmitters in your body. They also are responsible for activating your genetic transcription. Subtle changes in thyroid hormone balance can have a dramatic impact on your metabolic code. Low hormones can turn off your insulin receptors leading to weight gain, reduce absorption of nutrients, and even cause you to become depressed.

IMBALANCE TRIGGERS:
Major triggers that can lead to changes in thyroid hormone production:

  • Elevated stress
  • Environmental exposure, such as pesticides, chemical additives in foods and heavy metals
  • Essential Nutrient deficiencies
  • Inflammation of the GI tract and loss of beneficial flora
  • Exposure to halogens, like fluorine, chlorine  and bromine
  • Sex hormone imbalances

Symptoms

POSSIBLE SYMPTOMS OF LOW THYROID (HYPOTHYROIDISM)

  • Slow heart rate
  • Insulin resistance
  • Weight gain
  • Decreased metabolic rate
  • Depression
  • Cold hands and feet
  • Elevated cholesterol
  • Hoarseness
  • Dry hair, skin, nails
  • Constipation
  • Reduced rate of breathing
  • Aching muscles
  • Poor coordination
  • Fatigue, insomnia
  • Poor concentration
  • Infertility
  • Menstrual Irregularities
  • Low body temperature
  • Heartburn
  • Slow to start in the morning
  • Mental fogginess, Memory loss
  • Heart failure

POSSIBLE SYMPTOMS OF HIGH THYROID (HYPERTHYROIDISM)

  • Palpitations
  • Heat intolerance
  • Nervousness
  • Insomnia
  • Breathlessness
  • Increased bowel movements
  • Light or absent menstrual periods
  • Fatigue
  • Fast heart rate
  • Trembling hands
  • Weight loss
  • Muscle weakness
  • Warm moist skin
  • Hair loss

Thyroid Gland The thyroid gland is the largest gland in the neck. It is situated in  the anterior (front) neck below the skin and muscle layers. The  thyroid gland takes the shape of a butterfly with the two wings  being represented by the left and right thyroid lobes, which wrap  around the trachea.

The thyroid gland releases thyroid hormones that are the driving  force in your metabolic rate. Everything from the utilization of  carbohydrates and fat in your food, to promoting protein synthesis  needed for cell growth and the production of key biochemical  compounds, like neurotransmitters Thyroid hormones activate  nearly every receptor to hormones and neurotransmitters in your  body. They also are responsible for activating your genetic  transcription. Subtle changes in thyroid hormone balance can have  a dramatic impact on your metabolic code. Low hormones can turn  off your insulin receptors leading to weight gain, reduce  absorption of nutrients, and even cause you to become  depressed.

Thyroid hormone production starts in the hypothalamus located in  the brain. Initially, the hypothalamus responds to a metabolic  change, such as low body temperature, by releasing thyrotropin  releasing factor (TRF), which then signals the pituitary gland to  release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH.) TSH stimulates the  thyroid gland to then make thyroid hormone (T4).

The thyroid gland needs the amino acid tyrosine and iodine to  make thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland captures these two  nutrients from the blood stream and keeps them stored and ready  for production, whenever it gets the signal to make the two major  hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T3 is the more  active form of thyroid hormone, while T4 is the most abundant.   Factors like low selenium and iron as well as chromium an  influence your ability to make thyroid hormone. Chronic stress can  lower your ability to make T3 resulting in a drop in metabolic rate as much as 40%. Also your immune system can begin  to attack your thyroid leading to the production of  antibodies. Within the thyroid gland are also two nodules called  the parathyroid gland that secrete calcitonin, which  regulates your calcium and phosphate levels in your  blood and bones. Any number of shifts can occur in  your thyroid hormone numbers. Your measurements  included Free T3, Free T4, TSH as well as antibodies  TPO and thyroglobulin.

Pancreas

SUMMARY

The pancreas is located behind the stomach and is attached to the small intestine. The pancreas is best known for its critical role in blood sugar regulation. Each hormone has an important role in maintaining the balance of blood glucose concentration and supplying cells with energy throughout the body.

IMPORTANCE

Many serious, chronic conditions are associated with impaired blood sugar regulation. One of the more serious is type 2 diabetes and its complicating factors. The inability to lower blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes is linked to several predisposing conditions, including impaired insulin secretion,  hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and increased glucose production by the liver. All these conditions occur when the pancreas is not working efficiently. The two glands  that most influence the metabolic performance of the  pancreas are the thyroid gland and the adrenal  glands

Location & Function

Pancreas The pancreas is located behind the stomach and is attached to  the small intestine.

The pancreas has two functions. As an excretory gland, it secretes  digestive juices into the small intestine by way of the pancreatic  duct. As an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes hormones  from a group of specialized cells known as the islets of  Langerhans.
The islets of Langerhans contain three types of  hormone-secreting cells—the alpha cells, which secrete glucagon  (hormone that increase blood sugar levels); the beta cells, which  secrete insulin (which lowers blood sugar levels); and the delta  cells, which secrete somatostatin (a hormone that inhibits  gastric-acid release important in proper digestion). Somatostatin is  also secreted in other parts of the body.
Each hormone has an important role in maintaining the balance of  blood glucose concentration and supplying cells with energy.  Glucose is burned to produce energy for cells in the form of  adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the “energy molecule” that runs  body functions. Insulin decreases the concentration of glucose in the blood. First,  it stimulates the conversion of glucose to be stored as glycogen in  the liver and muscle tissue. Insulin facilitates the transport of glucose across the cell  membranes of cells. These cells, including skeletal and cardiac  muscle, the brain as well as cells in adipose (fat) tissue, have  insulin receptors. Glucose uptake by these cells results in a  decrease in the blood glucose concentration. Under certain conditions people will begin to release too much  insulin because cells begin to become “resistant” to its signal.   This is called insulin resistance.

Hyperinsulinemia is an overproduction of insulin by the pancreas. The causes of Hyperinsulinemia  include:

  • Obesity
  • With age
  • Chronic stress
  • Low thyroid  hormone
  • Environmental pollutants
  • Dietary  deficiencies
  • A high-carbohydrate or high-sugar  diet
  • Lack of exercise.

Frequent spikes in blood sugar require the pancreas to release insulin, resulting in overstimulation of the beta cells and increased insulin secretion. This promotes excessive storage of visceral fat which has drastic effects on your metabolic health.

Insulin resistance (IR) is defined as an inability of insulin to bind to the insulin receptor on a cell and carry glucose from the blood into the cells to be used as fuel.

Consequently, blood sugar remains elevated. To compensate, the pancreas initially releases more and more insulin (hyperinsulinemia). Blood glucose can be maintained within normal limits for years if enough insulin is produced. So part of the problem from IR occurs as a result of the build up insulin and glucose in the bloodstream. The other part of the IR problem is that it rapidly causes the accumulation of belly fat. Insulin is the most inflammatory chemical that your body makes. It causes devastating damage to the eyes, kidneys, brain, heart, and all the capillaries of your cardiovascular system.

You should know that belly fat is not just hanging around! It is a factory for making hundreds of inflammatory chemicals, hormones, enzymes, and signaling substances that begin to accumulate and accelerate the march toward chronic illnesses. 

Eventually, the pancreas can no longer make enough insulin or the insulin signal cannot be heard efficiently. At this point, you become a Type 2 diabetic.

  • Chronic inflammation
  • Kidney damage
  • Cardiovascular damage
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Hypertension
  • Weight gain and obesity
  • Sleep disturbances; sleep apnea
  • Neurochemical imbalances
  • Hormonal imbalances
  • Dementia
  • Arterial damage
  • Premature aging
  • Macular degeneration

Triad 2: Resiliency

This TRIAD is comprised of the digestive tract, immune system, and the central nervous system. Together, these intelligent body systems make moment-to-moment decisions in regards to absorption and assimilation, and setting critical boundaries physically, immunologically, and psychically.

When TRIAD 2 is normal, the person feels organized and secure within themselves and their environment. When these systems are out of balance, the person can become jumbled and unpredictable.

Learn More About Each Triad 2 System

Gut | Gastrointestinal Tract

SUMMARY

The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract or GUT) consists of a hollow muscular tube starting from the oral cavity, where food enters the mouth, continuing through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach and intestines to the rectum and anus, where food is expelled. The gut is involved in the breakdown and resorption of food nutrients. The gut is also the largest organ of the immune system. We focus on the intestines and the stomach with the effects of imbalances in these organs.

IMPORTANCE

Damage to the gut lining can lead to a host of health problems. There is a complex balance that exists between the probiotic flora and the immune system, the gut and liver. Any disruption in your normal gut function, through environmental stressors (such as heavy metals and chemical preservatives), poor dietary habits (such as diets high in carbohydrates, refined sugars, and high fructose corn syrup), food allergies, drug therapies (including NSAIDs, steroids, antibiotics), and chronic stress result in the loss of the counter-inflammatory flora balance and can easily lead to uncontrolled inflammation.

Food and bacterial proteins can act together to damage the gut and allow toxic protein complexes and other substances to get through the tight junction glycoprotein and toll receptor network that is normally supposed to be resistant to such a breach. These factors in the development of gut dysbiosis, by promoting the proliferation of Candida albicans (yeast).

Location & Function

Gut2 The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract or GUT) consists of a hollow muscular tube starting from the oral cavity, where food  enters the mouth, continuing through the pharynx, esophagus,  stomach and intestines to the rectum and anus, where food is  expelled.

There are various accessory organs that assist the tract by  secreting enzymes to help break down food into its component  nutrients. Thus the salivary glands, liver, pancreas and gall bladder have important functions in the digestive system. Food is propelled along the length of the gastrointestinal tract by  peristaltic movements of the muscular walls.

The GUT contains intestinal bacteria (called microflora  or probiotic flora), which serve to preserve gut integrity, help  metabolize foods and drugs, and prevent the overgrowth of  potentially harmful bacteria and fungus (yeast) in the gut. More  than 400 separate bacterial species have been identified as part  of the normal gut flora, including Lactobacillus acidophilus,  Bifidobacterium sp., and others. Potentially harmful  microorganisms are also kept at bay by an extensive immune  system comprising the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).  GALT plays a role in a healthy immune system. In addition to the  lymphoid tissues that make up the GALT, a number of other cell  populations contribute to normal gut defenses.

Cells that line the intestines, called epithelial cells, provide a physical barrier to bacterial entry, through their tight junctions, toll proteins and production of mucus, and produce an array of cytokines that can modulate immune responsiveness. 

  • Food allergies
  • Thyroid imbalances
  • Neuro-chemical imbalances
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Gastrointestinal problems like ulcerative  colitis or Crohn’s disease
  • Addictions
  • Chemical sensitivities
  • Depression
  • Sleep problems
  • Mineral deficiencies
  • Skin problems
  • Fatigue
  • Insulin resistance
  • Diabetes
  • Cancer

Immune System

SUMMARY

The immune system contains specialized organs and cells that are designed to defend the body against foreign invaders, including microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancerous cells and even transplanted tissues.

WHAT IMPACTS YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM

The immune system is intimately connected to the gastrointestinal tract and to the brain. Approximately  60-70% of the immune system is located in the gut, in tissue called GALT or gut associated lymphatic tissue.

Stress levels can affect your immune system greatly.  Excess cortisol release may lower your immunity, and studies report those with high-stress levels are reported to have a much higher incidence of upper respiratory infections as compared to those with low stress levels.

Your sleep quality and amounts can also affect your immune system. Less than 7 hours of sleep a night is reported to almost triple the number of colds you can get when compared to sleeping 8 hours a night.  67% of Americans experience frequent problems sleeping.

What you eat and are exposed to in the  environment can also affect your immunity. Foods  high in refined carbohydrates (sugars, “white”  breads/rice, high fructose corn syrup), chemical  additives like sweeteners, preservatives, flavoring  (MSG, smoking) and coloring (dyes) can lead to  imbalances in the immune system. Exposure to  heavy metals – lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic –  can also lead to immune imbalances. Other  environmental contaminants linked to immune  imbalances include cigarette smoking, pesticides,  phthalates (found in cosmetics, self-care products)  and bisphenol A (BPA, found in the lining of cans  and plastics).

Exercise in moderation can help improve immune  function. However, over-training can lead to immune  imbalances, which are common in strenuous  athletics like triathlons and competitions.

Conditions that are tied to chronic inflammation can also imbalance your immune system, these include:

  • Sleep problems like sleep apnea
  • Obesity
  • Insulin resistance/diabetes
  • High levels of oxidative stress like smoking
  • Gastrointestinal imbalances including  inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s  disease
  • Food allergies

Location & Function

The immune system consists of the innate immunity and adaptive immunity. These components are manufactured in various places in the body, including the lymph nodes, bone, spleen, thymus, tonsils, appendix and Peyer’s patches in the small intestine.

FUNCTION:
The immune system reaction to invaders and attackers is a regimented process, consisting of recognition, activation and mobilization, response and resolution. The immune system is able to determine, in most instances, what is “self” and what is foreign. However, in autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, the immune system begins to attack it’s host – YOU.

The innate immune system, the dominant part of our immunity,  attacks foreign invaders immediately without having encountered them before but does not give long-lasting immunity against the attacker. Innate immunity performs several functions: it leads to inflammation and allergic reactions, helps form a barrier against attack, such as in the gastrointestinal tract, uses white blood cells that ingest invaders, and T and B cells and natural killer cells (NK  cells), which help destroy cells and tissues in the body that have gone “awry”. The B cells (B lymphocytes) can recognize invaders directly, while the T cells (T lymphocytes) need help from other cells of the immune system called antigen-presenting cells.

Immune

White  blood cells consist of:

  • Monocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Natural Killer Cells

The white blood cells are made in primary lymphoid  organs, including:

  • Bone marrow – produces all the different types of white blood cells, including neutrophils,  eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, B cells, and the cells that develop into T cells (T cell precursors).
  • Thymus – produces T cells; T cells multiply and are trained to recognize foreign attackers  (antigens) and ignore the body’s own antigens.

Other cells in the innate immunity include dendritic cells that reside in the skin, lymph nodes, and other tissues in the body. They help break the attacker apart so T  cells can recognize it. Also, the complement system is part of innate immunity. This system uses more than 30 proteins that act in sequence to destroy the invader in your body.

The adaptive or acquired immune system uses antibodies that remember the attackers and is ready to defeat the invader at any time. This is not present and birth and must be learned as you are exposed to various invaders in your body. Cells important in the adaptive immune system are the lymphocytes – the  B and T cells. T cells are made in the thymus and B  cells in bone marrow.

The immune response must be regulated to prevent extensive damage to the body like that which occurs in an autoimmune condition. Suppressor T cells help control the immune response by secreting cytokines  (chemical messengers of the immune system) that lead to inflammation and inhibition of the immune responses.

Antibodies (or immunoglobulins) are also part of the  adaptive immune system. Antibodies are large  glycoprotein molecules that are released by specific  B cells when they encounter a foreign invader  (antigen). Antibodies help our immunity by:

  • Helping white blood cells ingest the foreign invader
  • Inactivating toxic substances produced by bacteria
  • Attacking bacteria and viruses directly
  • Activating the complement system
  • Helping certain cells, such as natural killer cells, kill infected cells or cancer cells

Antibodies found in humans include: 

  • IgG – majority of antibody immunity; crosses placenta  and provides immune support to fetus
  • IgM – attacks foreign invader early before there is  enough IgG
  • IgA – found in gut, eyes, nose, lungs, mouth, urinary  tract, breast milk;
  • IgE – involved in allergies binds to allergens and  triggers histamine release
  • IgD – activate B cells to take part in the defense of the  body in the immune system

Brain

SUMMARY

The brain is the “command and control” center of the nervous system in the body. The brain contains the primary sensory organs of vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell. The brain controls cognition and memory, mood and emotions and is the central control center for all body processes.

IMPORTANCE

The brain’s function is intimately tied to the immune system and your gastrointestinal tract. Imbalances in
metabolism can lead to imbalances in neurochemistry and brain problems. Imbalances can be caused by:

  • Chronic inflammation; Elevated C-reactive protein
  • Elevated homocysteine; poor methylation
  • Insulin resistance/diabetes
  • Gastrointestinal imbalances
  • Hormonal imbalances (thyroid, cortisol and sex hormones)
  • Chronic stress; Cortisol imbalances
  • Oxidative Stress
  • Inflammation
  • Smoking
  • Medications
  • Environmental toxins
  • Nutrient deficiencies

Location & Anatomy

Brain The brain is located in the cranium, or head. The brain consists of:

Cerebellum located at the back of the brain; fine tunes movement, balance;  rapid and repetitive actions, i.e. video gaming

Cerebrum major part of brain; divided into right and left hemispheres and  wrinkled in appearance; speech, memory, learning/intellect,  cognition, movement, personality

Brainstem lower extension of the brain; connected to the spinal cord;  consists of medulla oblongata, pons and the midbrain; serves as  a relay station by handling messages between different body  parts and the brain; primitive and survival functions (fight/flight,  breathing, blood pressure, heartbeat) are located here; sleep patterns, taste, sight, hearing and balance coordination

Hypothalamus small structure inside the brain that delivers messages to the pituitary gland, which releases hormones; plays a role in eating,  sexual behavior, sleep, body temperature, emotions, and movement.

The brain is the most complex organ in the body, with the cerebral  cortex containing about 15-33 billion neurons, or nerve cells, each  connected to other nerve cells.

The brain consists of 2 types of cells – neurons and glial cells.  Both these cells require a supply of blood that delivers glucose and oxygen to produce ATP or energy. Glial (meaning “glue”) cells provide protection and support for neurons, helping hold them in place, provide oxygen and nutrients to the neurons, insulate the neurons from one another and helping remove potential pathogens (substances that can produce disease) and dead neurons.

Glial cells are divided into 3 types: astrocytes,  oligodendrocytes and microglial cells. Astrocytes help maintain an environment appropriate for the neuronal signaling via neurochemicals. Oligodendrocytes help create myelin, a lipid-rich sheath that surrounds the neuron and allows better conductivity – an insulation of sorts.

Microglial cells are part of the immune system and help remove cellular debris and other results of processes of damage in the brain.

Microglia can release chemicals that lead to inflammation in the brain, which can be damaging to the brain if the inflammation is chronic.

The neurons are cells that are excited and activated by electricity. Neurons send signals to various parts of the body, sometimes over long distances, by fibers called axons. These signals are in the form of electrical impulses called action potentials, which lasts less than a thousandth of a  second and travels at speeds along the axons of  1-1000 meters per second (over 6/10 of a mile). An action potential is initiated when a chemical messenger attaches itself to a receptor, setting up an electrical charge to be generated through the neuron.

Once the signal reaches the end of an axon, which is at the end of a neuron, tiny sacs are stimulated to release a chemical called a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters are chemicals released in the synapse, or space between neurons, by an action potential. Then the neurotransmitters find their way to the other side of the synapse, and attach to a space called a receptor.  Each neurochemical has its own special receptors in the brain.

The process repeats over and over, leading to a change in your body’s behavior.

Nerve impulse triggers release of neurotransmitter  

Brain

Triad 3: Endurance

This TRIAD includes the cardiopulmonary unit, autonomic nervous system, and the vascular tree. This Triad reflects the relationship of mind and heart, mediated by the respiratory cycle.

When Triad 3 is balanced, the individual has plenty of metabolic resiliency and strength to meet the challenges of life. When levels are not in sync one can become inflamed and spasmodic.

Learn More About Each Triad 3 System

Cardiopulmonary

SUMMARY

The cardiopulmonary system comprises organs and structures relating to both the circulatory system and the respiratory system,  including the heart, lungs, pulmonary artery and vein, aorta,  trachea and bronchi. These organs are located in the thoracic cavity of your body.

FUNCTION

The function of the cardiopulmonary system is to deliver oxygen and nourishment to the cells of the body and to remove waste in the form of carbon dioxide. The heart generates the pressure needed to perform this operation. This pressure allows us to breathe and keeps blood flowing throughout the body.

IMPORTANCE

The cardiopulmonary system relates to all other organ systems in the body and to the body’s metabolic health. Imbalances in metabolism can lead to cardiopulmonary problems. Cardiovascular disease (CVD), or heart disease, is the number one cause of death in the United States, with over 70 million Americans have cardiovascular problems.

Chronic stress, lack of quality sleep, immune imbalances,  imbalances in brain chemistry, gut health, environmental factors like smoking and pollution, weight gain/obesity, chronic inflammation, hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, increased oxidative stress and damage, cholesterol and blood sugar imbalances, poor diet and lack of exercise all can lead to heart, lung and blood vessel problems.

Neuro-Vascular

The brain and the heart are connected by the vagus nerve, which serves as the “highway” for transmitting and regulating nerve impulses from the brain to the heart.

IMPORTANCE 
Your heart communicates with your brain through 4 ways:

  • The nervous system (neurological communication)
  • Pulse waves (biophysical communication)
  • Hormones (biochemical communication)
  • Electromagnetic fields (energetic communication)

Depression, mood disorders and decreased cognition  (memory and ability to think clearly) can occur when the heart is compromised. Up to 60% of individuals that have a heart attack experience symptoms of depression within the 12 months, and depression doubles the death rate in the months following a heart attack. Depression decreases the tone of your vagal nerve, which increases inflammation and coagulation,  leading to cardiovascular problems.

Studies report that the risk of developing heart disease is significantly greater in those who vent their anger as well as for those who suppress anger. A lower heart rate is reported to lead to a longer lifespan. Also, the heart rate variability  (HRV), or change in your heart rate, is important.

Exercise can increase heart rate variability.  Someone with a low HRV has an increased risk of  heart disease and death.

Location & Function

The vagus nerve is known as  the 10th cranial nerve. The vagus nerve extends from the medulla  (the lower part of the brainstem that controls involuntary functions  like heart rate and breathing), down along the carotid artery/jugular  vein in the neck to the neck, chest and abdomen.

The vascular system or blood vessels are included in the  circulatory system with the heart. The vascular system consists of  your arteries, which carries blood away from your heart that is rich  in nutrients and oxygen for your cells, and your veins, which carry  carbon dioxide and cellular debris away from the cells back to the  heart. You have about 6 quarts (5.6 liters) of blood in your body,  and it travels about 12,000 miles a day through your blood vessels.
 
Vagal tone refers to the internal biological processes of the vagal  nerve. The vagus nerve helps regulate largely subconscious  processes in the body, including heart rate, movement of your GI  tract for digestion, sweating and muscle movements in the mouth  including speech. Stimulation of the vagus nerve slows heart rate  and reduces blood pressure and can help control seizures.
The purpose of the vascular system is to pump blood, delivering  nutrients to the cells and removing toxins. The vascular system  transports hormones, blood clotting factors, cells of the immune  system and fats/lipids among other things. As you age and/or have  metabolic imbalances like high blood pressure, your vascular  system becomes stiffer and your heart has to pump harder.

neuro2

  • Dehydration
  • Obesity
  • Insulin resistance/insulin signaling problems
  • Diabetes
  • High blood pressure
  • Depression and anxiety/anger
  • Heart failure
  • Peripheral vascular disease
  • Gastrointestinal problems

The vascular system, with your veins and arteries, is  intimately tied to heart and lung function. Without  the heart beating and pushing blood through the  vascular system or the lungs getting oxygen from  the air we breathe and releasing carbon dioxide, we  would not survive. Yet the vascular system is  involved with basic metabolism other than the heart  and lungs – with transporting lipids and fats, insulin  and glucose, hormones and nutrients.
The vascular system is damaged by oxidative stress  and inflammation resulting from various imbalances  in metabolism, including high cortisol levels, lack of  quality sleep, environmental stressors like toxins and  smoking, increased blood coaguability and blood  pressure, blood sugar/insulin problems,  lipid/cholesterol imbalances, poor methylation and kidney dysfunction.

Triad 4: Detoxification

This TRIAD contains the drainage organs of the liver, lymph, and kidneys. These bodies form a functional unit for detoxification and elimination, metabolic processing and removal, and enzymatic activities. They allow the patient to thrive in a toxic world.

When Triad 4 is in harmony, there is a smooth flow of substrates and emotions, and when out of balance inflammation, stagnation, and retention ensues.

Learn More About Each Triad 4 System

Liver

SUMMARY

The liver is the largest internal organ in the body located in the abdominal cavity. The liver is responsible for thousands of chemical functions within the body and for detoxifying our blood from bacteria, food contaminants, chemicals, alcohol and hormones. This detoxification process has two phases 

IMPORTANCE

When the liver is operating optimally, phase one and phase two work efficiently at protecting the body against foreign substances. The system breaks down,  however, when the rate of exposure to toxins is greater than it can handle.

Many health factors can cause imbalances in liver function leading to an unhealthy liver.

These factors include:

  • Insulin resistance – leads to fatty liver
  • Gut terrain disturbances
  • Environmental toxins such as pesticides, heavy  metals
  • Prescription and non-prescription drugs – many  can lead to depleted glutathione (oxidative  stress) and alterations in liver function and  detoxifying ability
  • Dietary factors like hydrogenated oil intake,  chemicals in food and water, high sugar foods

Location

Liver The liver is the body’s largest internal organ. An adult liver  weighs approximately three pounds. It is located in the upper  right quadrant of the abdominal cavity and extends beyond the  midline. Anatomically, the liver consists of four lobes: a large right  lobe, a smaller left lobe, and two inferior (bottom) lobes. The  portal vein supplies the liver with blood from the gastrointestinal  tract (including the stomach, and small and large intestines),  spleen, and pancreas, while the hepatic artery supplies the liver  with blood from the heart. Arteries take blood that has received  oxygen to the organs, while veins take the “used” blood back to  the lungs to get more oxygen. Together, the portal vein and  hepatic artery pump about 1,400 ml (about 1.5 quarts) per minute  into the liver. Because blood enters the liver faster than it is  removed, the liver is able to store about 300 ml (a little less than  one pint) of blood at any given time. 

The liver contains cells called “Kupffer cells,” which are capable of removing dead cells, bacteria, and foreign substances from the blood. While the Kupffer cells are responsible for filtering about 99 percent of the bacterial and food contaminants from the blood, other important cells in the liver, termed hepatocytes,  are active in the detoxification of drugs, heavy metals, chemicals,  alcohol, and hormones. These processes of detoxification require two important steps, known as phase one (oxidation-reduction)  and phase two (conjugation-elimination). The antioxidant glutathione is one of the most prevalent detoxifying chemicals in the liver.

The liver removes toxic and metabolic waste products from the body by converting them to water-soluble compounds that can be excreted in the urine. Those substances that are not water-soluble are transformed by the liver and excreted in the bile, a substance used for this purpose and for the digestion of fats. The bile is then transported into the intestines where it is eliminated in the feces. Toxins not completely removed by either one of these processes may be eliminated through the skin (fat-soluble compounds are excreted in sweat), or lungs. Toxins that remain in the body accumulate in the adipose (fat) tissue and nerve cells,  contributing to a wide range of degenerative conditions.
In addition to filtering and detoxifying the blood, the liver contributes to the body’s anabolic and catabolic functions—that is, the reformation or building of new cells, tissues, and organs, and its opposite, the breakdown of cellular structure. The liver also functions as storage for glycogen, the stored form of glucose.

LIVER FUNCTIONS

Detoxifies chemicals from the environment via phase I and phase II detoxification Converts ammonia to urea Converts carbohydrates and proteins to fat Breaks down proteins Eliminates bilirubin (a substance secreted in the bile) Filters and detoxifies blood Forms ketones (waste products of partially metabolized fat) and phospholipids (fat molecules) from fatty acids Forms lipoproteins Metabolizes drugs Metabolizes hormones Produces bile salts Produces lymphatic fluid (lymph nourishes and cleanses tissue cells) Stores glycogen and converts it to glucose for fuel Stores vitamins A, D, B12, and the mineral iron Synthesizes cholesterol and enzymes Synthesizes blood-clotting factors Synthesizes plasma proteins (including globulin needed for antibody formation)

PHASE ONE DETOXIFICATION in the liver may be inhibited by a lack of nutrients, vitamins, or minerals.

SOME INHIBITORS OF PHASE-ONE DETOXIFICATION 

  • Age
  • Grapefruit juice
  • Intestinal imbalances
  • Antidepressants
  • H2 blockers
  • Iron overload
  • Antihistamines
  • Hydrogenated fats
  • Oral contraceptives

SOME INDUCERS THAT ACCELERATE PHASE-ONE DETOXIFICATION INCLUDE: 

  • Alcohol
  • Caffeine
  • Cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage,  cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and others)
  • Fumes (from exhaust and paint)
  • Some herbal supplements (including St. John’s  wort, garlic, schisandra berry)
  • Some medications (including sulfonamides,  steroids, phenobarbital, and other barbiturates)
  • Nicotine
  • Pesticides
  • Protein

KEY NUTRIENTS REQUIRED IN PHASE-ONE DETOXIFICATION 

  • Beta-carotene
  • Glutathione
  • Choline
  • Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
  • Copper
  • Sulfur
  • Lecithin
  • Vitamins B3 (niacin), C, and E
  • Magnesium
  • Zinc

SOME INHIBITORS OF PHASE-TWO DETOXIFICATION 

  • Low-protein diets
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

SOME INDUCERS THAT ENHANCE PHASE-TWO DETOXIFICATION INCLUDE: 

  • Cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage,  cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and others)
  • Eggs
  • Fish oils
  • Leeks
  • Limonene (from lemons)
  • Milk thistle seed (Silybum marianum)
  • Onions
  • Raw garlic

KEY NUTRIENTS REQUIRED IN PHASE-TWO DETOXIFICATION 

  • Alpha lipoic acid
  • Folic acid
  • Magnesium
  • Manganese
  • Methionine
  • N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
  • Selenium
  • Taurine
  • Vitamins B2 (riboflavin), B5 (pantothenic  acid), B12 (cyanocobalamin), and C
  • Zinc

Lymph

SUMMARY

The lymph system, or lymphatic system, is anatomically part of the circulatory system, and is a network of organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, and lymph vessels. Lymphatic organs play a large part in our immunity.  Organs that are intimately part of the lymphatic system include the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system  (including the tonsils) – they produce immune cells to help us fight infection.

IMPORTANCE

The lymph is part of the immune system, which is interconnected with the gastrointestinal tract, the nervous system including memory, mood and cravings, with inflammatory processes, with hormonal balance (thyroid, sex hormone), sleep (melatonin balance), stress levels (cortisol balance), weight balance, nutrient supplies, energy, and all other metabolic processes. The lymph also helps the body remove toxins (including heavy metals, food chemical additives, plastics, pesticides, pand hthalates, which can impair metabolism.

Location

Lymph

The lymph system, or lymphatic system, is anatomically part of the  circulatory system, and is a network of organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts  and lymph vessels. The lymphatic vessels carry a clear fluid called lymph,  derived from the Latin word lympha meaning “water goddess”, which is  comprised of white blood cells and fluid from the intestines called “chyle”.  White blood cells are part of your immune system that attacks foreign invaders in the body like bacteria and viruses; chyle contains proteins and  fats and helps in digestion. The lymph fluid bathes the cells and tissues,  removing particles like toxins and debris, and then it flows back into the  bloodstream. The lymph only flows toward the heart, where it connects  with the venous blood flow for recirculation or removal from the body.

Lymphatic organs play a large part in our immunity. Organs that are  intimately part of the lymphatic system include the spleen, thymus, bone  marrow and lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system  (including the tonsils) – they produce immune cells to help us fight  infection.
The circulatory system processes about 20 liters (about 5.3 gallons) daily,  with about 17 of these liters being reabsorbed directly into the blood,  leaving 3 liters (0.8 gallons) that exist in between the cells. This fluid has to be removed, and that’s what lymph does. It helps remove the fluid between the cells and places it back into the blood. The lymph carries white blood cells to sites of infection and inflammation, and antigen-presenting cells  (also part of your immune system) to the lymph nodes, which initiate the white blood cells to attack.

Kidneys

SUMMARY

The kidneys filter our blood, removing toxins and waste while  regulating water balance by controlling the flow of minerals called  electrolytes (sodium, calcium, chloride, potassium) in and out of the  body. The kidneys help regulate our body’s pH, or the acidity or  alkalinity of the blood and body fluids. The kidneys help regulate  our blood pressure and heart and blood vessel health. The kidneys  also release an important hormone called erythropoietin, which  helps stimulate more oxygen-carrying red blood cells to form in  bone marrow.

IMPORTANCE

Kidney problems can develop from increased oxidative stress and  inflammation that arise from various metabolic imbalances in the  body. Chronic kidney problems occur more frequently with:

  • Obesity
  • Chronic Medication Use
  • Insulin resistance
  • High blood pressure
  • Immune imbalances/autoimmunity
  • Chronic stress
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Increased oxidative stress
  • Heavy metal and environmental toxicities
  • Elevated homocysteine
  • Alcoholism/alcohol abuse

Location & Function

Kidney

The kidneys are reddish-brown, bean-shaped organs that are  located in the back of the abdomen. A kidney is about 4-5 inches  long, about the size of your fist. Each kidney contains about a  million microscopic filtering units called nephrons.

Triad 5: Potency

This TRIAD includes the reproductive hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. These hormones play a vital role in the human reproduction lifecycle. They confer a sense of potency, power, and self-esteem for both men and women. For men, production engenders a sense of reward while for women, reproduction gives them a sense of security.

Learn More About Each Triad 5 System

Testosterone (Hormone)

SUMMARY 

Testosterone is a steroid sex hormone produced in the male and in  the female.

Testosterone produces the male sexual characteristics, including  body hair and sex organ development. In both men and women,  testosterone is necessary for muscle growth and bone  development and strength.

IMPORTANCE

As men and women age, their hormones change. This hormonal  change can be slow and gradual or can be sudden, bringing with it  health issues associated with aging. You could be noticing  depression and mood changes, weight gain, achiness and joint  stiffness, blood pressure changes, numbness or tingling in the toes,  feet or hands, loss of muscle and strength, cognitive decline, blood  sugar imbalances, dizziness and even changes in your sex drive.   You may not realize these issues are related to changes in your  hormones. 

How your hormones are working in your body is  influenced by the balance between different hormones – the  interrelationship between the hormones, and whether your body is  metabolizing (processing) them properly and if any environmental  toxins are blocking their effects.

Location & Function

Testosterone is produced in the male in the testes and in  women in the ovaries (to a much less extent), and in both male and  female in the adrenal glands in small amounts. On average, adult  males have approximately 7-8 times more testosterone than females. 

The hypothalamus is triggered to  release luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland,  which signals the Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone,  resulting in the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

Too much testosterone in women can lead to masculinization and weight gain. Declining testosterone levels are common in the aging process in both men and women. 

Low levels have been reported in as many as 38.7% of men over 45 years of age, and in 20% of women. The age-related decline in testosterone in men can play a role in developing weight gain, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, erectile dysfunction and decreased libido, thyroid imbalances, cardiovascular conditions, memory and cognitive decline including  Alzheimer’s disease, bone loss and loss of muscle mass and resulting increased risk of osteoporosis, sleep and immune problems, cancer and an increased the risk of death in adult men.

Stress and the release of the stress hormone cortisol is  also a major contributor to a decline in testosterone.  Studies support having healthy testosterone levels  supports a healthy body composition in both men and women.

As men age, their serum hormone binding globulin  (SHBG) starts to increase, also leading to a decrease  in free testosterone while estrogen levels start to  increase. The estrogen/testosterone imbalance is  partly because aging men tend to convert more of  their testosterone into estradiol, by means of the  enzyme aromatase. Of the remaining testosterone,  much of it is bound to SHBG, making it hard to use by  the body. As long as free testosterone is low and the  relative estrogen (estradiol and estrone) is high, a man  will store fat around their belly, hence the “pot belly”.  Low plasma levels of SHBG and free testosterone  have been linked with increased insulin resistance and  risk for type 2 diabetes in males.

Estrogen (Hormone)

SUMMARY 

Estrogen is a steroid hormone produced in the ovaries, adrenal glands and fat tissue in women and the testes, adrenals and fat tissue in men. Estrogen is thought of as a hormone that is involved in female reproduction, but it also occurs in males in smaller amounts and affects the growth, differentiation and function of many tissues in the body. Estrogen is a term that is used to collectively describe the hormones estradiol, estrone, and estriol.

In the body, estrogens circulate mainly bound to the sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) ,and only unbound (or “free”) estrogens can enter cells and lead to biological effects.

IMPORTANCE

As men and women age, their hormones change.
This hormonal change can be slow and gradual or can be sudden, bringing with it health issues associated with aging. You could be noticing depression and mood changes, weight gain, achiness and joint stiffness, blood pressure changes,  numbness or tingling in the toes, feet or hands, loss of muscle and strength, cognitive decline, blood sugar imbalances, dizziness and even changes in your sex drive. You may not realize these issues are related to changes in your hormones. How your hormones are working in your body is influenced by the balance between different hormones, the interrelationship between the hormones, and whether your body is metabolizing (processing) them properly and if any environmental toxins are blocking their effects.

Function

Estrone (E1) is the main estrogen made by women after menopause and is associated with the development of breast, uterine and prostate cancer. Before menopause, your body makes estradiol out of estrone in the ovaries. Once this stops estrone is no longer converted to estradiol. Once in menopause fat cells, the liver and Estrone (E1) is the main estrogen made by women after menopause and is associated with the development of breast, uterine and prostate cancer. Before menopause your body makes estradiol out  of estrone in the ovaries. Once this stops estrone is no longer converted to estradiol. Once in menopause fat cells, the liver and the adrenal glands make estrone. Obese women have a higher rate of breast cancer, and increased estrone production is thought to be a significant contributing factor. Alcohol consumption also makes your body favor estrone production–being a reason for the association between alcohol intake and breast cancer. estrogen3
Estradiol (E2) the strongest estrogen, it is produced in the ovaries has many protective effects, including protecting bone health/density, improving growth hormone levels, improving blood vessel flexibility and keeping your blood from getting sticky, supporting memory/cognitive function and mood, supporting growth hormone release as well as improving your cholesteron/lipid profile. Estradiol is also the primary heart-protective estrogen. Too much estradiol can be associated with estrogen related cancers, but deficiencies can lead to osteoporosis, heart disease, dementia and other diseases of aging.

Estriol (E3) is the weakest of the three estrogens and has protective role in breast tissue health, along with vaginal and urethra tissue protective properties as well. It can help improve your cholesterol profile by increasing HDL and decreasing LDL so estriol is heart protective. Estriol also helps decrease hot flashes in women, protect the unrinary tract and plays a role in retention of bone density. It blocks the effects of estrone by occupying estrogen receptor sites, an important anti-cancer mechanism.

The major method that estrogen affects the body  depends on its metabolism. The metabolism of  estrogens takes place mainly in the liver, allowing the  estrogen to be detoxified and excreted from the  body. Estrogens are also metabolized in your  intestines, and are dependent upon the health of the  gastrointestinal tract.
Estrogens convert into many metabolites. Estrone, for  example, may convert into three different forms:

  • 2-hydroxyestrone – protective
  • 4-hydroxyestrone – cancer causing and active
  • 16-alpha-hydroxyestrone – cancer-causing and active

Research has identified 2-hydroxyestrone as a “good estrogen,” while 16-alpha-hydroxyestrone and  4-hydroxyestrone (“bad” estrogens) have been associated with the development of certain types of cancer, like breast and ovarian with uterine fibroids,  ovarian cysts and fibrocystic breasts. By increasing the ratio of the good form to the bad form you can reduce your chances of developing hormonal related cancers like breast, uterine and ovarian.

As women age their estradiol levels goes down and  their estrone levels increase and in men their relative  estradiol and estrone levels go up. Both men and  women will make more estrogens if they accumulate  visceral (belly) fat.

Excessive estrogen makes cells grow which makes  tissues grow, affecting the ovaries and breast in  women and the prostate tissue in men. Estrogen is  needed particularly in women to make serotonin receptors function in the brain, affecting mood and  increasing anxiousness and depression. Serotonin is  the “calming” brain chemical. Estradiol has heart-protective effects, so as women  enter menopause and loose their estradiol  production, they actually have higher heart disease  risks than men.

Estrogen also helps keep bones strong, as women  will lose up to 25% of their bone density in the first  year of menopause. Skin wrinkling is accelerated as  estrogen is lost from a women’s body and cognitive  function- critical thinking and short-term memory are  eroded with the loss of estrogen production.  Symptoms such as vaginal dryness and urinary  leakage can also occur.
Drugs that can decrease levels of estradiol include:

  • Oral contraceptives
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Clomiphene (Clomid, Serophene)

Too much estrogen in men, particularly estradiol, can  lead to increased risk of stroke and heart disease,  loss of sexual desire and function, prostate problems  and increased belly fat/weight gain. High estradiol  levels in ovulating women can lead to decreases in  pregnancy rates but lowers the incidence of heart  disease in postmenopausal women.
Drugs that can increase estradiol levels include:

  • Corticosteroids (including prednisone,  cortisone, hydrocortisone and  methylprednisolone)
  • Antibiotics including ampicillin and tetracycline
  • Estrogen-containing drugs, including hormonal replacement therapy
  • Phenothiazine antipsychotics (including chlorpromazine and promethazine)

Also, environmental toxins like xenoestrogens found  in pesticides, phthalates in cosmetics and BPA in  plastic bottles can lead to signs of estrogen  dominance and imbalance other hormones.

Various lifestyle and  environmental factors can influence the production, binding,  metabolism, and function of estrogens in men and women, including:

  • Genetics
  • Age
  • Poor diet, high in refined carbohydrates like  whitebreads, sugars and low in vegetables, low fiber  and high saturated fat
  • Excessive alcohol consumption
    Poor glycemic control and insulin signaling sensitivity
  • Certain medications, including hormone replacement  therapy (HRT) and oral contraceptives (OC’s)
  • Exposure to environmental contaminants (xenoestrogens)  such as pesticides, found in industrial chemicals and  foods contaminated with agricultural hormones
  • Excessive visceral (belly) fat

Progesterone (Hormone)

SUMMARY

Progesterone is a steroid sex hormone made from cholesterol. Progesterone works in conjunction with estrogen as the main sex hormones responsible for the menstrual cycle in women and helps prepare the body for pregnancy.

IMPORTANCE

As men and women age, their hormones change. This hormonal change can be slow and gradual or can be sudden, bringing with it health issues associated with aging. You could be noticing depression and mood changes, weight gain, achiness and joint stiffness, blood pressure changes, numbness or tingling in the toes, feet or hands, loss of muscle and strength, cognitive decline, blood sugar imbalances, dizziness and even changes in your sex drive. You may not realize these issues are related to changes in your hormones. How your hormones are working in your body is influenced by the balance between different hormones, the interrelationship between the hormones, and whether your body is metabolizing (processing) them properly and if any environmental toxins are blocking their effects.

Location & Function

Progesterone is a steroid sex hormone made from cholesterol.  Progesterone is a hormone produced mainly by the ovaries and the placenta in women during the period when they are able to  bear young. This hormone can also be produced by the adrenal glands in both females and males by the testes in males. Adult males have levels similar to those in women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

Progesterone works in conjunction with estrogen as the main sex  hormones responsible for the menstrual cycle in women and helps prepare the body for pregnancy. Progesterone levels rise during the middle of the cycle, while estrogen increases in the first half of a menstrual cycle. Progesterone helps to prepare the uterus for implantation with a healthy fertilized egg and supports pregnancy in its early stages. If no implantation occurs, progesterone levels drop, and another cycle begins.

Progesterone helps make other steroid sex hormones, including dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA), testosterone and estrogen.  Progesterone also helps make cortisol, the stress hormone.  Progesterone receptors are found in high concentrations in the brain, where it acts to protect nerve cells and supports the myelin sheath that covers neurons. It helps to relax the nervous system to improve sleep and stimulates bone growth for maintaining bone health.

For women, it is important to compare the relationship between estradiol and progesterone in evaluating menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, mood disorders, and aging skin. Breast cancer is reported to be less common in women with adequate progesterone levels. Men also need a balanced progesterone to estrogen level. Excessive estrogen and deficient progesterone leads to estrogen dominance in both men and women. Too much estrogen and too little progesterone has been associated in women with heart disease, obesity, the  development of certain types of cancer, like breast  and ovarian, ovarian cysts, PCOS or polycystic ovary disease, fibrocystic disease and uterine fibroids.  Decreased levels of progesterone are often seen in those with chronic stress, insufficient exercise, low thyroid hormone levels, a diet high in refined sugar and saturated fats, in those on antidepressants, and those with a deficiency of vitamin A, B6, C or zinc.

PROGESTERONE
The stress hormone cortisol is made from progesterone. If your stress levels are high, then more cortisol is produced, the less progesterone is available, leading to more estrogen to progesterone than is healthy. Less progesterone in men means less testosterone is being made, which can lead to low testosterone levels and metabolic imbalances (see testosterone sheet). Environmental toxins like xenoestrogens (hormone-disruptors) commonly found in pesticides, phthalates in cosmetics and BPA in plastic bottles can lead to signs of estrogen dominance and decreased progesterone.

Symptoms of low progesterone include:

  • Anxiety/Depression
  • Trouble sleeping
  • Fibrocystic breasts
  • PMS
  • Premenstrual headaches
  • Bones loss

Elevated levels of progesterone compared to estrogen can lead to insulin and blood sugar problems. Excess progesterone can also lead to anxiety, as progesterone is converted in the body into cortisol, the stress hormone. Too much progesterone can cause breast tenderness,  depression, fatigue, low sex drive, vaginal dryness,  and more. High progesterone levels may indicate pregnancy. Synthetic progestins are found in birth-control pills, in hormones given during menopause for replacement therapy, or in medications to correct abnormal bleeding problems during menses. Taking these medications may lead to an increased progesterone level.

If the progesterone to estrogen ratio is too high you will store fat and tend toward insulin resistance.

Too  much progesterone can lead to:

  • Elevated cortisol/stress hormone
  • Increased cravings
  • Reduced growth hormone
  • Immune imbalances